Wednesday, September 2, 2020

Electronic commecial law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Electronic commecial law - Essay Example Accentuation has been given on the unlawful substance of sites †generally because of the extension of the marvel. Actually, it has been demonstrated, that numerous associations, which virtual world services,1 have been not able to forestall the distribution of such data through the Internet †alluding to the inclusion of these associations in the facilitating or the transmission of such information.2 by and by, the above associations can't be considered answerable for the unlawful substance that they host or they transmit; the key term for the utilization of the above advantage is that these associations are portrayed as Internet Service Providers (ISPs).3 on the off chance that that these associations don't meet the above necessity, they can't request the exemption from risk for the substance they host or they transfer.4 The above issue is investigated in this paper; accentuation is given on the European law building up the security of ISPs from obligation for the data they host or they transmit; reference is likewise made to the UK and the USA case law that has been created in the particular field. The Directive 2000/31/EC is set under assessment and assessment; it is presumed that the current European law controlling the assurance of ISPs from the risk for the substance they host or they transmit should be additionally improved; the possibilities for expansive understanding of its principles has been seen as mostly negative for the goals of debates emerging with respect to the study’s primary issue. 2. European Law on the security of Internet Service Providers from risk for content they transport or host †European, UK and US case law The issue of obligation of ISPs for the data they have/transmit has been come about in view of the development of Internet †both as far as business, for example of the utilization of Internet for the improvement of business exchange and regarding the attributes of the clients, for example of the utiliza tion of Internet by individuals everything being equal, even by kids. Under these terms, the acquaintance of enactment alluding with the creation and the executives of this substance was very vital. Now, the models on which the portrayal of substance as unlawful would be based should have been set; as per Kleinschmidt (2010) the substance distributed in the Internet is generally considered as illicit when it has one of the accompanying structures: ‘pornography without age check, kid sex entertainment, detest discourse, or extraordinary violence’5. Now, it ought to be clarified that the cooperation of an ISP in the distribution of illicit substance can set the ISP under the danger of two distinct types of risk: an) obligation for the harms caused to at least one of its clients †due to the unlawful substance, b) risk for the harmed caused to an outsider †being outraged from the unlawful substance in the distribution of which in the Internet the particular ISP ha s partaken †either by facilitating or transmitting the substance involved.6 Under typical conditions, ISPs would be held at risk for the accompanying reasons: a) for facilitating or transmitting unlawful substance, b) for breaking the copyright laws as to the results of craftsmanship (discourse, tune, painting, etc); the movement of the subsequent class would be connected with that of the primary classification since the material obtained by damaging the copyright laws can be considered as sick

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Dissertation Editing Reasons To Hire A Dissertation Editor free essay sample

In exposition altering, you should guarantee that here are no mistakes identified with mechanics, sentence structure, designing and style consistence. One regularly gets baffled in doing as such and this is the place exposition altering set-indecencies come in which can assist you with accomplishing your objective without any problem. For what reason do you have to enlist an exposition manager? There are 4 significant reasons why you should enlist a paper proofreader for your thesis altering: Cost and time An ongoing review uncovered the way that understudies taking a shot at their expositions can't spend more than 2 to 3 hours on it consistently because of the scholastic weight on them.Hiring a paper manager helps spare all that time spent on paper permitting you to concentrate on additionally squeezing and significant issues. Stress Emotional and physical exhaustion is one the most widely recognized issues looked by graduate and post-graduate understudies as appeared in many investigations directed far and wide in 2012. Despite the fact that budgetary and scholastic weight and time requirement plays a major job in adding to the pressure, altering a paper can be troublesome as well. We will compose a custom exposition test on Paper Editing Reasons To Hire A Dissertation Editor or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page One can decrease his remaining task at hand and feeling of anxiety by giving over he paper altering occupation to a professional.Expertise There are sure specialized topics that an exposition supervisor must accomplish: Thorough information on the English language ( or the language wherein the thesis is composed) Proficient composing aptitudes for appropriate sentence structure, generally speaking associations, tone, word decision, linguistic structure and changes. Commonality with the manual required by it PAP AMA, MEAL or Chicago Familiarity with the necessities of the school undoubtedly.

Thursday, August 20, 2020

Learn How to Buy Term Paper College

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Tuesday, August 11, 2020

Take A Look At The Topic That You Have Chosen For Your College Essay

<h1>Take A Look At The Topic That You Have Chosen For Your College Essay</h1><p>Coalition school article points can extend from legislative issues, religion, sports, reasoning and recent developments. You should investigate the point you have chosen and ensure it is applicable to your school essay.</p><p></p><p>Sports can be an extraordinary subject for a school article that manages recent developments. With the happening to the World Series, you should incorporate this point as a piece of your exposition theme. The thought is to expound on sports in a manner that is intriguing. Make sure to consider your theme and make it amusing to read.</p><p></p><p>The intensity of associations has been taken by many. The subject of their capacity can be an intriguing theme to expound on. Obviously, it might be difficult to find some kind of harmony between being accurate and intriguing. When you get a decent vibe for this subject, you will experience no difficulty composing an incredible school exposition on it.</p><p></p><p>There are different sorts of legislative issues. You could expound on the Republican party, the Democratic party or the United States. In the event that you expound on the United States, it will be fascinating to check whether you are expounding on the real world or fiction. When you think of the best title for your exposition, you can either pick that title and afterward research to ensure it is right or you can just compose what you know.</p><p></p><p>Religion is additionally exceptionally assorted themes to expound on. Religion is wherever in our general public. It can go from Christianity to Buddhism and even Hinduism. Simply ensure you are expounding on realities in a manner that depends on the truth.</p><p></p><p>Politics are consistently an incredible theme to expound on in light of the considerable number of individuals associated with it. At the point when you are searching for incredible alliance school paper themes, recall that there are numerous things that are going on all around the globe and in the United States. On the off chance that you need to expound on governmental issues, you should initially think about legislative issues. There are numerous things to be found out about governmental issues. Keep in mind, political expositions are frequently exceptionally long and you will have the option to manage without burning through a great deal of time by losing all sense of direction in it.</p><p></p><p>To guarantee that you discover a subject that is fascinating and that has significance to your school paper, investigate the point you have picked. This is an incredible method to decide if the theme is a decent one to expound on. When you have discovered a theme that you believe is fascinating, research to ensure that you will be ready to expound on it with legitimate sentence structure and a decent attitude.</p><p></p><p>Writing a school paper isn't simple yet with the correct exhortation, you will have the option to finish it in the blink of an eye. You should simply compose and keep yourself occupied and you will have the option to compose an incredible school exposition on any theme you need. Keep yourself educated and consistently ensure that you pick a point that is fascinating and will keep you interested.</p>

Tuesday, July 28, 2020

Essay Topics About Racism - Free, Or Paid?

<h1>Essay Topics About Racism - Free, Or Paid?</h1><p>It's basic to discuss various points about prejudice, however what about doing some expounding on it? In addition to the fact that you have a point to explore, you can compose for nothing or do it for profit!</p><p></p><p>If you've been blamed for being supremacist then you most likely definitely know the odds of being pulled over by the police is high, yet would you say you are prepared to get captured for bigotry? Would you be able to recount to your story and discussion about it? This point is probably going to be asked by numerous individuals, particularly in the event that you are a white person.</p><p></p><p>The more you think about prejudice and the manner in which it impacts you and other white individuals, the more ready you will be for how to discuss it and secure yourself. Your cohorts, colleagues, and managers will perceive how educated you are about pre judice and ideally choose to recruit you as an educator or speaker on the subject.</p><p></p><p>You should begin with exposition themes about bigotry on the grounds that the bigger paper points are regularly excessively broad. The articles in many subjects are on the whole basically the equivalent. They may have a contention or a few realities they are covering that identify with the principle theory of the paper. Exposition subjects about prejudice will be different.</p><p></p><p>The themes in these points will shift generally relying upon who you ask and where you research the data. These are the two things you have to decide while picking your point for your article topics.</p><p></p><p>If you need to compose for nothing, you have to discover somebody who is eager to have you compose for them without paying them for it. On the off chance that you can discover somebody who consents to have you compose for them , why not? They need to advance their business and see what you can accomplish for them. A few organizations will pay for journalists to work for them, yet some don't.</p><p></p><p>If you need to get more cash-flow, you can join a portion of the new openings where they need experienced scholars, however you can begin with this free thought and have the option to get more cash-flow from it. It's something that will build up your aptitudes and show you how to explore and compose for nothing. Begin exploring the subject of prejudice today.</p>

Sunday, July 19, 2020

Issues Related to International Law Ethics Topics for Research Paper

<h1>Issues Related to International Law Ethics Topics for Research Paper</h1><p>International law morals subjects for explore paper center around issues encompassing individuals, regardless of whether as people, states, countries or gatherings. These exploration papers will analyze specific issues and the manner by which the law needs to address it on account of the individuals who are not part of the legitimate framework or whose option to look for equity has been reduced by existing systems.</p><p></p><p>In general, these worldwide law morals subjects for inquire about paper manage the utilization of global law, or lawful laws, in actuality, circumstances. They may likewise examine how the techniques utilized by the lawful framework can either advance or hamper equity for a specific gathering. This article centers around what might be named the main International Law Ethics Topics for Research Paper - the contention among law and morality.& lt;/p><p></p><p>Human rights are the privilege of each person to life, freedom and security of individual and every one of these rights is established on legitimate rules that have been created and executed through the span of mankind's history. Despite being held in high respect by most of humankind, human rights issues can bring about antagonistic choices in the event that they are not managed cleverly. Contemplations that have emerged because of various clashes far and wide incorporate the presence of varying convictions in regards to the prosperity of one's locale, some of the time known as undeniable or consecrated rights. While we as a whole need to live in harmony, such choices can't be messed with, particularly when human rights are involved.</p><p></p><p>One of the normal reactions of worldwide law morals points for explore paper manages the issue of widespread qualities or religions, and their relationship to human rights issues . For example, a few religions accept that human life has esteem, while others deny the equivalent, despite the fact that the two perspectives can cause extraordinary clash, as a similar activity can have diverse importance to various people contingent upon the convictions that support it.</p><p></p><p>Although such clashes are progressively about the material states of a person's presence, their worldwide effect can prompt enormous contrasts in perspectives and the absence of a perfect standard for human rights. Along these lines, it is significant that the law maintains a widespread confidence in its objective of shielding all residents similarly from cultural discrimination.</p><p></p><p>In expansion to the all inclusive qualities or religions talked about above, global law morals themes for inquire about paper manage the issue of extraterritoriality. A few people see themselves as a component of different races, societies and human advancements, and, maybe, to them the idea of 'power' is very feeble to influence their position. In any case, while this is a substantial contention, as all countries are limited by the tradition that must be adhered to in which they dwell, a general public that doesn't perceive its own limits can no longer consider itself a sovereign nation.</p><p></p><p>If a human rights issue has to do with the commitment to help the individuals who experience the ill effects of social shamefulness, just as the commitment to a culture or religion, just as the obligation to secure the worldwide condition, at that point there can be a few potential methodologies. At long last, there ought to be an acknowledgment that worldwide law morals subjects for look into paper covers the general topics encompassing issues in regards to human rights, the obligation to help the poor, the obligation to secure the earth and the foundation of human rights boundaries.</p>

Sunday, July 5, 2020

Thesis Papers for Sale Features

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Thursday, June 25, 2020

Looking For A UC College Essay Prompt?

<h1>Looking For A UC College Essay Prompt?</h1><p>If you are searching for a UC school exposition brief then it is significant that you consider the paper prompts accessible to understudies. While they are difficult to obtain, there are a lot of ways that you can find out about the prompts that are accessible to you.</p><p></p><p>One thing that you should search for when searching for a brief is that it is so natural to compose it. This might be probably the hardest part for understudies to handle, however once you begin composing it you will find that it isn't so difficult as it was portrayed. From the outset it might appear to be an errand, however once you get into the progression of composing it, you will find that you don't need to consider a word a day. When you begin getting into the progression of composing it, you will find that it isn't that difficult.</p><p></p><p>Another thing that you will need to search f or is whether it is a simple method to finish. It might be somewhat precarious to decide whether it isn't, however in the event that it is simpler to compose than different articles it is justified, despite all the trouble to set aside the effort to check whether it is a simple method to compose it. All things considered, that is the thing that you are truly intrigued by and you need to have the option to put it on your transcript as a passing mark for your school work.</p><p></p><p>When searching for a brief, you will likewise need to take a gander at how frequently the brief is advertised. It might be a week after week or even fortnightly brief in the event that it is required each semester. At the point when this is the situation, it is significant that you attempt to exploit it in such a case that you don't exploit it, it might wind up on your transcript and it may not be considered a decent grade.</p><p></p><p>Writing a brief is s omething that numerous understudies will learn through the span of their school profession. It will accompany time, and you will figure out how to compose better and how to maintain a strategic distance from the mix-ups that numerous different understudies make. As you become progressively alright with composing, you will have the option to concoct a brief that is better than the ones that you would think of on the off chance that you didn't have the foggiest idea how to keep in touch with them. This will help you when you are attempting to get into a school that requires brief writing.</p><p></p><p>When you start searching for a brief, you will likewise need to search for how often the brief has been utilized. On the off chance that it is offered not exactly once every week or even once per semester, at that point it is ideal to attempt to discover where you can discover it. You may not get the brief that you need, however on the off chance that you don't di scover it, you will get another opportunity when it comes time to take the tests.</p><p></p><p>The most ideal approach to locate a brief is to glance around at the various schools that you are thinking about applying to. At the point when you see which schools offer them, it will give you a superior thought of what you have to consider when searching for a prompt.</p>

Thursday, June 11, 2020

The Unknown Details About Ibo Extended Essay Samples That Most People Dont Know About

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Saturday, May 9, 2020

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Friday, May 8, 2020

What the In-Crowd Wont Tell You About Research Paper Writing Service Canada

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Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Can We Prove God Exists Essay - 562 Words

Philosophers, whether they are atheists, or believers have always been eager to discuss the existence of God. Some philosophers, such as St Thomas Aquinas, and St Anselm, believe that we have proven that God exists through our senses, logic, and experience. Others such as Soren Kierkegaard, and Holbach, feel that we will never have the answer to this question due to our human limitations, and reason. The believer tends to rely on faith for his belief, and claim they do not need proof in order to believe in the Gods existence. The atheist however, tends to lean more towards common sense and reason, such as science, or the theory of evolution for an answer. The determinalist for example believes that all actions are caused by nature,†¦show more content†¦Without this premises his argument would fail. It must be agreed to, because it is a true statement. You do not have to believe in God in order to agree to these Premises. In agreeing to these first premises, St Anselm forces you to admit that God does exist in reality because his premises support his conclusion. St. Anselms Theory is that if God is that which nothing greater can be conceived, the idea of God must exist, if only in the mind. To exist in reality is greater than existing in the mind (idea). Therefore God, being that which nothing greater can be conceived must exist in reality. All his premises support his conclusion, creating a valid and sound argument proving that God must exist. Many still argue that neither one of these arguments prove Gods existence, because it is impossible for our reason to accept them. In Soren Kierkegaards argument Faith, not Logic is The Basis of Belief, he argues that it is impossible to prove Gods existence because it is beyond our reason as human beings to do so. Kierkegaard classifies the word God under the word unknown. It is impossible for reason to know the unknown, so it is impossible to know, or prove God exists. Kierkegaard also claims that reason on its own does not attempt to prove God exists, he claims that it would be foolish to do so. It would be foolish to do so because reason is from existence, not towards it. Therefore if God does not exist, it would be impossible to prove he does,Show MoreRelatedThe Meditations On First Philosophy By Rene Descartes916 Words   |  4 Pagesabout doubt. Descartes describes his method of doubt to determine whether he can truly know something. One of his major arguments is the proof of the existence of God. In this paper, I will attempt to unravel the flaws in Descartes proof that God exists. In the meditations, Descartes evaluates whether or not everything we know is a reality or a dream. Descartes claims that we can only be sure that our beliefs are true when we clearly and distinctively perceive them to be true. As the reader analyzesRead MoreThe Existence Of God : Ontological Argument Essay1696 Words   |  7 PagesThe question of the existence of God has troubled mankind for thousands of years. Many philosophers and theologians have always searched for prove whether God exists. Many of them constructed valid arguments which support theist believes. The existence of God was once never denied, as His presence, His existence was evident in miracles and the people s faith. But time and the advancement of modern science have called God and His very nature into question. The Perfect Being has become the sourceRead MoreAnselms Existence of God Refuted Essay1110 Words   |  5 PagesAnselms Existence of God Refuted Anselms Existence of God Refuted If the only proofs for the existence of God were Aquinas’s five ways and Anselm’s ontological argument, in my opinion, Anselm provides the best reasoning. I am not saying that Anselm’s argument is good, or even valid, but just that given the set of proofs by Aquinas and Anselm, Anselm’s is better. Anselm argues, in effect, that the existence of God is built into the very concept of God. He proceeds by a form of argumentRead MoreThe Cartesian Circle is Wrong1586 Words   |  7 PagesRene Descartes meditations on the existence of God are very profound, thought-provoking, and engaging. From the meditations focused specifically on the existence of God, Descartes uses the argument that based on his clear and distinct perception that cannot be treated with doubt, God does exist. In the beginning of the third meditation, Descartes proclaims that he is certain he is a thinking thing based on his clear and distinct perception, and he couldn’t be certain unless all clear and distinctRead MoreSt. Thomas Aquinas Essay823 Words   |  4 Pagesused ancient philosophy to prove religious propositions. One of the ancient philosophers that St. Thomas Aquinas used to prove religious facts was Aristotle. One of the greatest works that Aristotle did was to prove that god really exists. St . Thomas Aquinas used the forms that Aristotle and Plato used to prove the same philosophical question, does god really exist? St. Thomas Aquinas, first started by stating, is the existence of God self-evident. Here he states that God because he is self-evidentRead MoreEssay about St. Anselm of Canterbury1110 Words   |  5 Pages In the following I intend to prove that the ontological argument is in and of itself, insufficient in proving that God exists. There are a few problems with the argument that I will be discussing in detail in an attempt to illustrate exactly why ‘The Ontological Argument’ is unsatisfactory. The Definition of ‘Greater’ St. Anselm of Canterbury defined God as â€Å"that-than-which-a-greater-cannot-be-thought† (Bailey, 2002). The problem with this definition is that the term ‘greater’ is surely up forRead More The Ontological Argument Essay1446 Words   |  6 PagesAnselm in his Proslogium, attempts to prove the existence of God simply by the fact that we have a particular concept of God - that God is that than which nothing greater can be conceived. Saint Anselm presents a convincing argument that many people view as the work of a genius. It is also quite often considered a failure because, in William L. Rowes words, In granting that Anselms God is a possible thing we are in fact granting that Anselms God actually exists. In other words, it assumes theRead MoreAssess the Ontological Argument818 Words   |  4 Pagesexistence of God. (30 marks) The ontological argument was first formulated by St. Anselm in the 11th century. It argues the existence of God from a deductive and a priori stance. God is a being than which none greater can be conceived. This is the response given by St Anselm to the fool in the psalm who believed there was no God. St Anselm the Archbishop of Canterbury and of the Benedictine Order explained that for God to exist in the mind he would not be the greatest being. However were God to existRead MoreOntological Argument For The Existence Of God1083 Words   |  5 Pagesexistence of god. His basis of his argument being an analytical breakdown for the reason fot gods exsistence. While also establishing that Anselms inferences found with his use of deduction and logical means to prove the existence of a higher being are indeed true. In addition I will defend Anselms argument by depicting other people’s objections against his argument. Specifically the argument made by Gaunilo, who disagreed with An selms argument and tried to use logical reasoning to prove him wrong.Read MoreThe Possibility of Proving the Existence of God Using Inductive and Deductive Arguments1222 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Existence of God Using Inductive and Deductive Arguments Many philosophers have attempted to prove the existence of God, although there is no argument as yet which proves without any doubt that God exists. A proof is the demonstration that something is true or, in this case, that God exists. There are 3 types of proof; direct, deductive, and inductive. A direct proof is when something is immediately obvious, so therefore, it cannot be used to prove Gods existence

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Impairment Loss For Cash Generating for Treatment - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theImpairment Loss For Cash Generating Units for Treatment. Answer: Impairment Loss For Cash Generating Units Excluding Goodwill Meaning of Impairment and treatment As per the common parlance the impairment is defined as the term to denote the reduction in the value of an asset. It means whenever the value of an asset is decreased from its book value then it may be called as the Impairment of an asset. As per the International Accounting Standard number thirty six on the Impairment of asset which was re issued in the month of March two thousand and four, the impairment is defined as the amount by which the amount of the carrying value of the asset is in excess of the recoverable amount of that asset. The carrying value of an asset is defined as the value at which the asset is recorded in the balance sheet of the company and is also known as the book value of an asset at the particular point of time. Carrying amount is identified by deducting the accumulated depreciation and the impairment loss from the book value of an asset (AASB 136, 2011). Impairment loss is treated as expenditure. On one hand it is charged to the Statement for Profit and Loss and on the other hand it is deducted from the asset value as shown in the Balance Sheet. Meaning of Recoverable Amount As per the common parlance, recoverable amount is the amount which can be recovered from the asset after selling in the market. In accordance with the provisions of the International Accounting Standard number thirty six, recoverable amount is the amount equivalent to the higher of the following: Net Selling Price and Value in Use Net Selling price is defined as the difference of the fair value of an asset and the cost incurred to dispose of the asset. Fair value of asset is the amount which the asset if sold in the market would be able to fetch. In terms of the International Financial Reporting Standard number 13, the fair value is amount which will be received for selling the asset or the amount which will be paid to set off the related liability in the transactions which normally takes place during the ordinary course of business at the particular point of time. Cost of disposal is the amount is the amount which is incurred to sell or dispose of the asset. Value in Use is defined as the present value of the cash flows which will be expected to be generated from the asset or the cash generating units in the future. Present value is calculated at the rate defined as per the internal rate of return of the company or the cost of capital. The above shall be calculated for each individual asset separately and in case the recoverable amount is not identifiable for the individual asset then it shall be calculated using the concept of cash generating units. Meaning of Cash Generating Unit and its Identification- Cash generating unit is defined as the small group of the asset which can be identified as pertaining to the same class of assets. The cash flows generated by one cash generating unit will be totally independent of the cash flows derived from other group of assets or class of assets. The concept of inclusion of cash generating unit in this standard has been emphasized because of the fact that there are certain assets which are not able to generate the cash flows on their own rather they require the help of other assets to generate the cash flows. Therefore, the individuals assets are grouped into the unit which further helps in identifying the cash flows and thus has been defined as the cash Generating Units. Sometimes also they are clubbed into one cash generating unit when there are chances that the asset cannot be disposed off separately (IAS 36, 2014) . For instance, the colleges of the Australian University have their own canteens and the cafeterias where they give the food and other eatables to the students in the college hours. It is the policy of the university that the contract to operate and run the canteen of all colleges shall be allocated to one contractor. Out of the twelve canteens, seven canteens are profitable and five canteens are non profitable and thus they are clubbed as one cash generating unit. Calculation of Impairment Loss for Cash Generating Units excluding Goodwill: If goodwill of the company cannot be allocated to cash generating units on the basis of reasonableness then the impairment test will be followed and there arises the four situations: Goodwill and corporate assets of the company are not allocable Only goodwill will be allocable Only Corporate Assets will be allocable Only some corporate assets will be allocable. The impairment loss in the first situation will be identified by going through the following steps: First of all the cash generating unit will be identified to which the particular assets is related Indentifying and determining the future cash flows and determine the value in use Identifying the recoverable amount for each cash generating unit Finding out the recoverable amount as the higher of the value as determined in step (b) and step (c). Carrying amount will be mentioned and it will be only of the cash generating units as the goodwill is nit allocable Determining the impairment loss for the cash generating unit only as the difference between the value defined in step (d) and step (e) Determine the revised carrying amount by deducting the impairment loss as defined in step (f) from the value as defined in step (e) Identify the larger cash generating unit with their carrying amount to which the goodwill can be allocated fairly and reasonably. Calculating the recoverable amount of the larger cash generating unit Calculate the carrying amount of the larger cash generating unit and calculate the impairment loss by deducting the carrying amount from the recoverable amount as determined in step (i). The amount of impairment loss will first be allocate to the goodwill and then to the corporate and other assets. For Example ABC Company acquired XYZ Company at 600 million dollar. The company has two cash generating X and Y having the fair value of 240 million dollar and 160 million dollar. Goodwill is recognized at 120 million dollar. Recoverable amount of X and Y has been estimated at 200 and 140 million dollar respectively. Calculate the impairment loss if the carrying amount of X and Y are 260 and 180 million dollar respectively. Answer Particulars X Y Total (Amount in Million Dollar) (Amount in Million Dollar) Net Fair Value 240 160 400 Pro Rate (%) 60 40 Net Carrying Amount 260 180 440 Recoverable Amount 200 140 340 Impairment Loss 60 40 100 References AASB 136, (2011), Impairment of Assets, available on https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB136_07-04_COMPjun09_01-10.pdf accessed on 25-05-2017. IAS 36, (2014), Impairment of Assets available on https://www.iasplus.com/en/standards/ias/ias36 accessed on 25-05-2017.

Saturday, April 18, 2020

Nozick on Distributive Justice Essay Example

Nozick on Distributive Justice Essay Justice Paper 2 -Ankur Shah Nozick says that liberty upsets patterns. Critically assess this claim. Be sure to: I. Explain what the quoted phrase means (what Nozick means by â€Å"liberty† and by â€Å"patterns†); II. Discuss how Rawls would respond to Nozick’s thesis; III. Explain whether Nozick is right that liberty upsets patterns; IV. If Nozick is right, then discuss whether such upsetting of patterns provides a sound reason for rejecting patterns, or for regulating liberty. â€Å"Liberty upsets patterns† In his book â€Å"Anarchy, state and utopia†, Nozick provides a moral defense for Libertarianism, which is traditionally defined as â€Å"the advocacy of individual  liberty, especially freedom of thought and action†. The core idea behind Nozick’s Libertarianism is the concept of â€Å"self-ownership,† which means that each individual belongs totally and entirely to himself and not to anyone else (Cohen Lecture6). Based on this concept, Nozick sets the premise for Possessive Libertarianism, in which any reduction of liberty is a violation of basic rights and that interference reduces a person’s liberty if and only if the interference is unjustified† (Cohen Lecture6). To justify his claims Nozick purports that a minimalistic state is the only form of governance that is dedicated to protecting basic rights. Furthermore, he argues against equality or any form of distributive justice because any pattern designed for distribution of goods conflicts directly with the protection of liberty, specifically the rights of self-ownership. In this paper I present Nozick’s definition of â€Å"liberty† and â€Å"pattern† and prove that based on Nozick’s conventions for these terms, liberty and pattern are incompatible. Furthermore, I explore possible counterarguments from Rawls and provide my justification for why liberty takes precedence over maintaining the pattern. What Nozick means by â€Å"liberty† and by â€Å"patterns† In order to evaluate Nozick’s claim that â€Å"liberty upsets pattern†, it is critical to understand how Nozick’s defines â€Å"liberty† and â€Å"pattern†. Nozick’s meaning of â€Å"liberty† arises from the concept of â€Å"self-ownership. In this context, an individual is entitled to their lives, their labor and by extension the fruits of their labor (Feser). So, no entity or individual can justifiably take away the end product of one’s own labor. Furthermore, the concept of self-ownership extends an individual’s capacity to do as they please with their wealth. Every individual is entitled to make their own choices, be they positive or negative, and pursue their own life plans, so long as they do not interfere with the rights of another individual. We will write a custom essay sample on Nozick on Distributive Justice specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nozick on Distributive Justice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nozick on Distributive Justice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This concept of Liberty is demonstrated in Nozick’s Chamberlain example, where people who came to watch have the power to invest their wealth to see Chamberlain play. In essence, liberty is one person’s right to do as they see fit with their property without interference from another. The term â€Å"pattern† arises from Nozick’s evaluation of the various systems for distribution of wealth in a society. Nozick defines a principle of distribution to be patterned if â€Å"it specifies that a distribution is to vary along with some natural dimension, weighted sum of natural dimensions, or lexicographic ordering of natural dimensions† (Nozick 156). So, if we imagine a system where wealth is distributed according to a moral compass, where more is given to the virtuous and less to the vicious. Another would be a system where wealth is divided based on the effort one puts into one’s work or one that is based on the highest level of degree or one based on the number of contributions they make to society or one where individuals with higher IQ hold more wealth (Arnold). If a system for redistribution existed to ensure any of the previous scenario’s hold true, then such a society would be â€Å"patterned† based on Nozick’s definition. Simply put, if there exists a system that enforces wealth distribution based on a set rules, then the society is patterned. How does liberty upset patterns? To illustrate the meaning behind â€Å"liberty upsets patterns,† I will closely examine the Chamberlain’s example. This example demonstrates that free exchange, which rises from the idea of self-ownership, will upset the patterned distribution. Basically, if people have the right to dispose their legitimately earned wealth as they see fit. The following outlines the Chamberlain’s logic as presented by Nozick (Pg 160-161) 1. There exists a patterned distribution D1, which is a favorite patter of non-entitlement conception of justice 2. Wilt Chamberlain, a skilled basketball player who attracts home crowds, signs a contract where 0. 25 is put apart for every home game for him 3. Since people are excited to see him play, they freely contribute 0. 25 towards Wilt Chamberlain. 4. Thus, if let’s say a million people come to watch, Chamberlain ends up with 250,000, which is more than everyone else. 5. Since the distribution D1 no longer holds, there exist a new distribution where everyone has 0. 5 less than original and Wilt Chamberlain has 250,000 more than original 6. Since, all exchanges were done with willing participants there was no injustice done in order for the new distribution to come into place, and therefore D2 is a just distribution. Now, in order to revert to D1, the wealth acquired by Chamberlain would have to be taken away and redistributed to its original form. In doing so, Chamberlainà ¢â‚¬â„¢s rights to his wealth would be violated. Similar conditions emerge if one considers someone doing overtime, or performing services in exchange for wealth outside the initial D1 distribution. Since D1 distribution cannot be maintained as long as people have the right to do what they wish with their wealth, it would become necessary to restrict people from spending wealth based on their choice. This would infringe upon the rights of individuals. It is clear that patterned society would not be able to maintain itself alongside liberty. As citizens are free to use their resources and wealth as they see fit in such a state, people with talent, or skills that are in greater demand, like Wilt Chamberlain’s talent in basketball, will be able to increase their wealth through their talent. An automatic transfer of wealth will occur towards these individuals with skills that are in demand, and thus causing the disturbance in the initial distribution. In order to restore the distribution, the government will have to redistribute the wealth which would violate the basic rights of self-ownership since wealth acquired through valid means, like Will Chamberlain’s money, would be taken away without compensation. Thus, it is impossible to redistribute wealth without infringing on the liberties which means that a liberty would necessarily upset a patterned state. Rawls and Nozick In his book, A Theory of Justice, Rawls argues for a patterned distributive justice with the belief that not knowing one’s own position in society would lead everyone to be concerned for equality. Thus, we should always be concerned about the least fortunate because we might be the least fortunate ones. This argument draws its support from the assumption that people as a whole are under veil of ignorance regarding their place in society. Based on this he presents two principles of justice, the Liberty principle and the Difference principle stated below. (Brown) 1. â€Å"Each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive total system of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar scheme of liberties for others. † (Rawls 51) 2. Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both a. to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged members of society (the difference principle) b. ffices and positions must be open to everyone under conditions of fair equality of opportunity (Rawls 303) In contrast for Nozick arguments are based on the self-ownership principle, according to which, the people who produce a thing have absolute right over it, as in â€Å"things come into the world already attached to people having entitlements over them† (Nozick 160). They have the right to do as they choose with their property. Based on this, Nozick derives the entitlement theory, which states 1. A person who acquires a holding in accordance with the principle of justice in acquisition is entitled to that holding- Theory of Acquisition. . A person who acquires a holding in accordance with the principle of justice in transfer, from someone else entitled to the holding, is entitled to the holding- Theory of Transfer. 3. No one is entitled to a holding except by (repeated) applications of 1 and 2- Theory of Rectification. (Nozick 151) Thus Nozick would oppose Rawls’ view that it is just to redistribute wealth as long as it benefits the least fortunate is society because the owners would not be reaping all the benefits of their labor, if some of it was taken away for the less fortunate group (Cohen Lecture 6). Rawls argument against Nozick would rest on the grounds that ownership comes about due to external influences based on social position, and can result in total lack of property among a certain group of people. Thus, without any property, they would be unable to maintain themselves and thus taxation of the wealthy to support the unfortunate is justified. Furthermore, Rawls would argue that in Nozick’s case, rights seem to have sprung forth without having principles of justice in place, and thus are invalid since Rawls views society as a system of cooperation between individuals for mutual advantage (Lacewing). Thus in Rawls’ view, people will only have rights to a part of the share based on the principles of justice in place. Does liberty really upset pattern? It is my belief that Nozick’s claim that â€Å"liberty upsets pattern† is valid. To support this claim, I rely on the fact that as long as people have the liberty to spend their resources to their whims, it is impossible to maintain the systemized pattern that will ensure distribution based on the current system. To demonstrate this claim, we consider a system where wealth is distributed equally among all its individuals. We also maintain that every individual is granted liberty, which ensures that there is no external interference that keeps people from doing as they wish with their wealth. Now, in such a society we suppose that two individuals living close together combine their wealth and build a facility to race their remote controlled (RC) cars right next to their houses, because they are RC fanatics and would get enjoyment out of this center. Attracted by the facility, many people get into the RC hobby and want to use the facility that was built. Since, the first two individuals spend their own wealth building this facility, they decide to charge other people for the use of their facility. Attracted by the growing numbers, more and more individuals get into the hobby, and start using the facility to demonstrate and race their RC cars. Now, since these individuals have the right to do as they wish with their wealth and are willing to pay for the use of the facility, they individuals who built the facility start running a net profit offsetting the cost of building and maintaining the facility. Because of this the wealth distribution shifts towards the builders of the facility. With enough profits, they decide to opt for another facility. However, since the wealth distribution is no longer equal, the system must interfere in order to redistribute the wealth to equal terms. This interference reduces the rights of the builders, since they are no longer able to build a second facility, which was through their own wealth. Thus, a very simple case demonstrates that maintaining a pattern will require constant interference, and reduction of liberty. To further illustrate the fact that pattern and liberty are incompatible, we can consider any two individuals living in this society. It is natural to assume that these individuals will have different taste, and different view on what to do with their resources or available wealth. If we consider any system, that distributes wealth based on certain systemized values and then add liberty to the equation, the system will no longer hold valid. Introducing liberty basically alters the system by adding a free element, which is outside the established pattern. Thus the pattern will collapse unless checks are placed on liberty. A direct analogy can be made to the Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, where it is impossible to control a system without interfering with the system. If the pattern were equal distribution, it would be unsettled by something as simple as the choice of the first individual to save his wealth while the second individual spends his wealth on some form of entertainment. Other liberties like gambling, choices in luxury items to own, varying hobbies, and varying needs will all lead to an imbalance in the distribution. Furthermore, individuals will have the ability to sell their talents to those who would be willing to pay. These are all sources that necessarily exist with liberty and will just as surely upset any established pattern. The sole fact that people have the liberty to transfer wealth would mean that transfer of wealth will occur autonomously. This will cause the pattern to collapse upon itself unless an external force is applied to restore the balance. In order to restore and maintain the distribution, the governing entity will have to redistribute the wealth according to the pattern or take away people’s rights to spend as they wish. Both of these choices infringe upon the self-ownership rights of an individual, and thus are invalid. As long as people are free to use their resources as they wish, it is impossible to expect that a certain pattern be maintained. Thus, liberty invariably upsets any established pattern. Regulate Liberty or reject pattern? Since the above examples demonstrated that it is impossible to maintain liberty without â€Å"upsetting† the pattern, the natural course of argument is to question whether regulating liberty or rejecting pattern is the right choice. It is my belief that protecting individual liberties takes precedence over establishing a pattern, as long as every individual is provided with sustainable necessities of life. Basically, there are grounds to establish patterns to ensure a sustainable and progressive society, as long as the interference is minimal. First, I shall argue that an established pattern is detrimental to society as a whole. Let’s consider a patterned principle where wealth is distributed according to the effort that a person puts into his work. In paper such a system sounds fair and just, where the effort one puts in is rewarded by an equal amount of wealth. In this system, we consider two individuals working on the same task. Now, let us consider that because of factors like intelligence, skill, and other external influences the first individual finishes the task in an hour while the second takes 10 hours to finish the task. In such a system, the second individual is rewarded more because it took him more effort to accomplish the task that the first individual. As such the more productive member of the society, the first individual, is punished for his superior ability. It is clear that such a system would stifle progress, since people like individual A would lack the incentive to utilize their full capacity. So, it can be clearly seen that the requirement of maintaining the pattern will be detrimental to the progress of society. Let’s go even further and ignore this flaw by assuming that every individual is matched with the task that utilizes his skill in a manner that ensures equal amounts of effort. So, everyone is putting in equal effort towards their task. For such a system, a pattern of wealth distributed by effort seems to have no flaws. However, since people are free to do with their wealth as they please, some may decide to transfer their wealth to another individual because he provides entertainment that does not exist elsewhere, or another individual who comes up with a product that everyone desires. This transfer of wealth does not require one to perform a task of equal effort, but simply one that has higher demand than the other. The inherent flaw lies in the fact that certain skills are more valued than others even if they require less effort. This can be seen in an example where an individual creates a product of high value, very useful to society, through very little effort. Would this individual not be entitled to the transferred wealth, even if he put such little effort in it? Now suppose, we take away the transferred wealth to maintain the pattern, very soon there will be no incentive to innovate since there are no rewards for success. In this manner, society would become stagnant. An argument for regulation of liberty arises from the fact that allowing people to redistribute their wealth as they please, would lead to the emergence of an elite class whose skills are more in demand. Because of this demand, the distribution of wealth would shift towards the elites. This concentration of wealth and resources would give a group of individuals more power than the rest of society leading to an establishment of a polarized, unequal society with a uneven distribution of wealth. Historical evidence suggests that, without any regulation it is very often that rich become richer and the poor become poorer. In these terms, if the conditions of the poor reach below a certain threshold, (let’s call it sustainability threshold) society suffers because the environment for these individuals is no longer conducive for them being productive members of society. Their contribution will be limited by their need for providing basic necessities for existence. In this manner, the overall productivity of society will be lowered. Thus it is necessary to establish some pattern of redistribution of wealth to ensure that every individual has the basic necessities to sustain themselves, in order to create a most productive society. Final comments In regards to setting the levels for sustainability is something beyond the scope of this essay, and perhaps beyond the scope of society as a whole. My personal belief is that this threshold wavers based on external factors, but maintains an overall upwards trend. Finally, though Philosophers like Rawls and Nozick seem to have justified a system that works, I do not yet see reconciliation between Liberty and Equality within any of these principles. Perhaps the search is as elusive as the unifying theory of physics, but mostly insignificant in the daily workings of life. Word count: 3117 Works Cited Arnold, Scott. Nozick. n. d. 2010 June . Brown, Lachlan. The Sydney Morning Herald. 9 October 2003. June 2010 . Feser, Edward. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy. 4 May 2005. June 2010 . Lacewing, Michael. Rawls and Nozick of Justice. n. d. June 2010 . Nozick, Robert. Anarchy, State and Utopia. New York: Basic Books, 1974. Rawls, John. A Theory of Justice. Belknap, 1971.

Saturday, March 14, 2020

social pariahs Essay

social pariahs Essay social pariahs Essay Olivia Niemann American studies 3rd September 30, 2013 Social pariahs In this day in age social pariahs are all around us in many different ways. A social pariah is someone who is considered an outcast or â€Å"shunned† from a certain group for an undesirable reason or choice he or she has made. With social media and societies standards there will always be a person or group of people that is ostracized for the decisions and choices they have made. Some ways people have been seen as â€Å"social pariahs† or ostracized from the group are for scandalous reasons, race, political views, religious beliefs, and being bold. One example I found was of Tiger Woods who was the number one ranked golf player in the word. In 2009 Tiger woods openly announced to the public about cheating on his wife for 32 months with a cocktail waitress. This was a very devastating social blow to one of the world’s most popular athletes who was considered a marketable family man with two kids and his unblemished social life until the accident. With all the tal k about Woods affair scandal he lost over 25 million dollars in endorsements with companies. His affair caused a very terse life style for Tiger while he was trying to make up for his mistake. Woods scandal was all over the news for many months and was a very hot topic. He was ostracized and shunned from the golf world. Many hyperboles were made before the real facts of the scandal came out, and for a while no one knew what the truth was. He lost many peoples respect for him not only as an athlete but also as a father figure and husband. His loss I endorsements cost him millions. His affair with this woman not only cost him extreme amounts of money and time but the respect and loyalty of his devoted fans and fellow esteemed golf members. Tiger Woods was the center of many lampoons for a while before the scandal died down and blew over. I agree that with fame comes a certain standard you are held to since you are always in the public eye. You’re in a fishbowl world where eve ryone finds out your mistakes and now with social media they spread much faster. I don’t approve of what Tiger Woods did because he broke his promise to his wife and family and with that he had to accept the consequences that came along with his decisions. His consequences were much

Wednesday, February 26, 2020

Relevant furniture piece or other interior design element in the Assignment

Relevant furniture piece or other interior design element in the Victorian period (1850-1890) - Assignment Example He acquired the idea of decorating the Armoire from his mother. The above piece of furniture had an approximated cost of thirty four thousand dollars (Online Garallies, p.1). The Fine Armoire above has a lot of significance to the Victorian period. Among its importance, include; it provide an inspiration of the fine arts that were being produced during the Victorian period. It also provides other designers a fundamental basis for their design given that the idea was invented earlier. The furniture above help to encourage innovation and creativity among the designers of the current era. The Fine Armoire is significant because it indicates the type of materials that were used by the designers during that period. It also provide an important reference of what the previous artist used to do during the Victorian period (Online Garallies,

Monday, February 10, 2020

Learning Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Learning Review - Essay Example reflection started from the skills and knowledge I possessed at the time of joining the module so that I get a better chance of understanding what further I gained from the course. Admittedly, I had a number of skills and knowledge that would enormously help me in my study. First of all, as I have work experience in managerial roles, I have the chances of applying comparative and ideal methods to identify how my perceptions and practice differ from what is required. Another advantage is the supporting educational background I possess. As I have relevant educational background, further learning becomes easy. The last point is the availability of people around me who would be able to help me with my learning difficulties. As Cottrell (2008:5) points out, I spent some time looking into my own learning style before I began this degree course. From there, I gained the insight that the learning style I had adopted previously was rather ineffective. Admittedly, I was a visual/kinaesthetic learner (Cottrell 2008:5) and my learning style can be accurately termed ‘dreamer’ (Cottrell 2008:59). Admittedly, visual learners prefer to learn things through seeing them. For such learners, information absorption becomes easier when there is effective utilisation of pictures, graphs and maps. As I looked into my own learning nature, I found that adopting maps, outlines and diagrams would help me overcome the learning difficulties I face. In addition, I found that by being able to watch the lecture closely or by ensuring eye contact with the speaker, I could improve my learning abilities. In order to utilise the finding in my learning process, I started note taking during class. The notes were not simple writings, but were charts and diagrams when possible, and I tried to keep them colorful and visually attractive. In addition, I started using a pencil to take notes while in class, and the use of pencil allowed me to make corrections when necessary. Admittedly, this process

Thursday, January 30, 2020

Media as the main branch of society that sway Gender Essay Example for Free

Media as the main branch of society that sway Gender Essay In the current era, media had been greatly influencing the society. Through the variety of information and mediums the industry could utilize, seemingly media could create numerous impact in the lives of many people. In the movie Bodyguard which was publicized in 1992 provides one of the most distinct examples which could be highlighted to see the power of the media. In terms of gender topics, media had been the main industry that has the authority to proclaim what should or should not be for various genders in the society. The movie Bodyguard starred the most popular actors during the early 90s such as Kevin Costner and Whitney Houston. Both of these actors have their own image which the masses view of them. Therefore, there is an immediate connotation when it comes to the characters they portray. Kevin Costner is known to be a very good actor who had been acknowledged in many award giving bodies. Whitney Houston on the other hand is a very popular singer who is idolized by many. In the movie, Houston sort of, portrayed herself while Costner captured the role of a masculine, â€Å"only-doing-his-job† body guard who is very much protective of Whitney for the reason that she has a stalker. Houston on the other hand is a famous singer who was being harassed by a stalker. Thus seeing the main personalities, the characters does portray a very â€Å"in-the-box† nuance of what a male and a female should be. Just like in fairytales, the woman must be saved by a man in order for her to get through the evil witches who were often abusing the helpless lead character. In conclusion, media and the concept of media go together. The perspective of the media of what should or should not be is immediately absorbed by the society. Moreover, the movie Bodyguard supports the concept of the typical male and female responsibilities which is practiced by the society. Thus, the media supports this type of perspective of gender which strictly assumes that men are strong and protective while women are vulnerable and weak. References Costner, K. , Kasdan, L. Wilson, J. (Producers). Jackson, M. (Director). (1992). Bodyguard. [Motion Picture]. United States: Warner Brothers.

Wednesday, January 22, 2020

The Boy Who Will Never Be a Man :: Free Essay Writer

The Boy Who Will Never Be a Man I believe The Man Who Was Almost A Man is an example of imprudent youth. The story is of a boy who wants a gun for all the wrong reasons. His thoughts are of manhood. He associate a gun with manhood, yet fails miserably to understand the concept of manhood or the responsibility that’s closely connected with it. On the surface, the message of the story is that of a stupid, deceitful, unkind, violent, black boy with dreams of becoming a man with all its grandeur. As is seen in the text when the protagonist witness men in the field shooting their guns. The protagonist, known as Dave, decides promptly that he will purchase a gun and impress the men with his skill in handling the weapon (655). We see that Dave wishes dearly to gain the respect and power so closely associated with manhood. This man who is almost a man, deserves to be called â€Å"boy† at 17 and forever. Dave is not ready to be a man, he is not ready to except the responsibility allied with the designation of being a man. The story ends with a kindly white man being cheated out of $50 and the protagonist, the black boy-man, riding off into the night with nothing but anger, a gun and a long track record of poor judgment. Upon further examination, Dave appears to be less responsible for his shortcomings. His poverty is deep and his parents are awful and he has no future. In his environment there is practically no way he could grow up and develop self-respect and the respect of others. Dave is treated just like a mule, given no responsibility, not even the chance to hold on to part of his earnings. This is seen when Joe, the store owner ask â€Å"your ma letting you have your own money now?†(656). Dave doesn’t want a gun; he wants to be a man. This is a natural, healthy desire that hasn't yet been beat out of him. The fact that he thinks a gun will do the trick is ignorant, but the only solution his environment can have him imagine. Dave’s belief that having a gun will make him a man is ridiculous and repellent but as the story turns out, his pursuit of having a gun is his ticket out of town, his only hope for becoming a man.

Tuesday, January 14, 2020

Crime and punishment morally ambigous character Essay

Several morally ambiguous characters played different vital roles in Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky. In fact, most characters illustrated in this twisted novel can be evaluated as possesing â€Å"good† and â€Å"evil† qualities. Sonia Marmeladov is especially ambiguous and important in this novel. Her contradicting social and moral statuses along with her contrasting roles as a saintly liberator and sinner allowed Sonia to play a crucial role throughout the novel. Not only that but her character further strengthens the theme of religious awakening. At times Sonia’s character becomes hard to categorize as â€Å"good† or â€Å"evil† because of her actions. The first descriptions the reader gets of Sonia are from her drunk father, Marmeladov. She has lived her life with little money, poor housing conidtions described as having â€Å"every sign of povery† (294). Sonia tries to make an honest living by making linen shirts but â€Å"do you suppose that a respectable poor girl can earn much by hard work? Not fifteen farthings a day can she earn†(15). Not merely enough to support a family along with her drunk father’s habits. So Sonia eventually becomes a prositute in order to to support her family and gains a â€Å"yellow ticket† (16) This is what gained Sonia her title as a sinner and which puts her character at question. However, Marmeladov explains to Raskolnikov how Sonia goes to them â€Å"mostly after dark, she comforts Katerina Ivanorna and gives her all she can†( 16). This part of Sonia’s character depicts her as a loving daughter willing to sacrifice herself to save her family. This portrayal in some ways resembles Christ as â€Å"He himself bore our sins† in his body on the cross, so that we might die to sins and live for righteousness. † He sarcrificed himself as she sacrifies herself. Does that change the fact that she is committing a sin? No of course not and that is exactly where the conflict of her morality takes place. The world sees her in â€Å"such an attire†(163)which puts her to shame in her â€Å"guady finery† (163) Yet the reader sees a young, timid girl who was pushed to take drastic decisions in her life. It is Sonia’s actions which are â€Å"evil† but her purpose and pure soul make her more saintly than most of the character’s in the novel. Because her character plays this role, it is her who helps Raskolnikov find his religious faith and who leads him to finally come clean later on in the book. Another circumstance where Sonya is morally ambiguous is where she has to decide to either have a relationship with Raskolnikov, or leave him out of the picture when he tells her that it is he who murdered the pawnbroker. Sonya knows that it is right to help Raskolnikov because he could be lost and go even deeper into his madness. However, Sonya knows that Raskolnikov is a killer and it would be wrong to be associated with somebody who knowingly commits sins as extravagant as murder. Sonya is also aware that Raskolnikov has issues and his madness could drive him to do other things that could lead to even worse consequences. Sonia does tell Raskolnikov that he must turn himself in and confess his sins but she also hugs him and kisses him as to comfort him. Her odd response is to tell Raskolnikov â€Å"I will follow you, I will follow you everywhere†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ I’ll follow you to Siberia† (407). As she tries to find a valid excuse as to why he killed those women, she finds that there was no good intentions in his mind, yet she still sticks by Raskolnikov’s side. This response leaves the reader wondering whether Sonia is doing this to help a lost soul and play her role as a saintly liberator or does her love blind her and is she simply not caring that what Raskolnikov committed was murder. However, even though the last part of the book depicts Sonia as an accomplice to a morally wrong crime, the epilogue illustrates her as a saintly liberator. In Siberia, the image which she carried back in part one and part two of the book are stripped and she is loved by the prisoners in the camp. They even called her â€Å"little mother Sofya Semyonovna†(538), and although it is clearly stated that Sonia herself did nothing special to be liked, their preference for her depicts that they sensed her moral â€Å"goodness. † Without direct statement, Sonia herself was the reason why Raskolnikov felt in some way his religious reawakening. Through her unconditional love, she and her role made this â€Å"story of a gradual renewal of a man† (542) happen. Dostoevsky theme of religion was carried on and developed by Sonia’s character through her moral ambiguity. Though her character appears to be immoral in several cases, in the epilogue the reader sees how it all comes together and how Doestoevsky uses Sonya illustrates important social and political issues that were of concern to him, such as the treatment of women, the effects of poverty, the importance of religious faith, and the importance of devotion to family.

Monday, January 6, 2020

Civil War Prisoner Exchanges and the Dix-Hill Cartel

During the U.S. Civil War, both sides participated in the exchange of prisoners of war who had been captured by the other side.  Although there was not a formal agreement in place, prisoner exchanges had taken place as a result of kindness between opposing leaders after a hard-fought battle.   Initial Agreement for Prisoner Exchanges Originally, the Union refused to formally enter into an official agreement that would establish guidelines pertaining to the structure of how these prisoner exchanges would occur. This was due to the fact that  the U.S. government had steadfastly refused to recognize the Confederate States of America as a valid governmental entity, and there was a fear that entering into any formal agreement could be viewed as legitimizing the Confederacy as a separate entity.  However, the capture of over a thousand Union soldiers at the First Battle of Bull Run in late July 1861 created the impetus for public push to conduct formal prisoner exchanges.  In December 1861, in a joint resolution the U.S. Congress called for President Lincoln to establish parameters for prisoner exchanges with the Confederacy.  Over the next several months, Generals from both forces made unsuccessful attempts to draft a unilateral prison exchange agreement. Creation of the Dix-Hill Cartel Then in July 1862, Union Major General John A. Dix and Confederate Major General D. H. Hill met in the James River in Virginia at Haxalls Landing and came to an agreement whereby all soldiers were assigned an exchange value based upon their military rank.  Under what would become known as the Dix-Hill Cartel, exchanges of Confederate and Union Army soldiers would be made as follows: Soldiers of equivalent ranks would be exchanged on a one to one value,Corporals and sergeants were worth two privates,Lieutenants were worth four privates,A captain was worth six privates,A major was worth eight privates,A lieutenant-colonel was worth ten privates,A colonel was worth fifteen privates,A brigadier general was worth twenty privates,A major general was worth forty privates, andA commanding general was worth sixty privates. The Dix-Hill Cartel also assigned similar exchange values of Union and Confederate naval officers and seamen based upon their equivalent rank to their respective armies. Prisoner Exchange and the Emancipation Proclamation These exchanges were made to alleviate the issues and costs associated with maintaining captured soldiers by both sides, as well as the logistics of moving the prisoners.  However, in September 1862, President Lincoln issued a Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation that provided in part that if the Confederates failed to end fighting and rejoin the U.S. prior to January 1, 1863  then all slaves held in the Confederate States would become free. In addition, it called for the enlistment of black soldier into service in the Union Army. This prompted Confederate States of America President Jefferson Davis to issue a proclamation on December 23, 1862 which provided that there would be no exchange of either captured black soldiers or their white officers. A mere nine days later – January 1, 1863 – President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation which called for the eradication of slavery and for the enlistment of freed slaves into the Union Army. In what has historically been considered President Lincoln’s reaction to December 1862 Proclamation of Jefferson Davis, the Lieber Code was put into effect in April 1863 addressing humanity during wartime with the provision that all prisoners, regardless of color, would be treated alike. Then the Congress of the Confederate States passed a resolution in May 1863 that codified President Davis’ December 1862 proclamation that the Confederacy would not exchange captured black soldiers.  The results of this legislative action became evident in July 1863 when a number of captured U.S. black soldiers from a Massachusetts regiment were not exchanged along with their fellow white prisoners. The End of Prisoner Exchanges During the Civil War   The U.S. suspended the Dix-Hill Cartel on July 30, 1863 when President Lincoln issued an order providing that until such time as the Confederates treated black soldiers the same as white soldiers there would no longer be any prisoner exchanges between the U.S. and the Confederacy. This  effectively ended prisoner exchanges and unfortunately resulted in captured soldiers from both sides being subjected to horrific and inhumane conditions in prisons such as Andersonville in the South and Rock Island in the North.